Abdominal Hysterectomy
8:25 PM
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Surgical removal of the uterus (a hysterectomy) done through an incision made in the abdominal wall.
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Abdominal Guarding
8:16 PM
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Tensing of the abdominal wall muscles to guard inflamed organs within the abdomen from the pain of pressure upon them.
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Abdominal Cavity
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| Abdominal cavity | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Front of abdomen, showing surface markings forduodenum, pancreas, and kidneys. | |
| Latin | cavitas abdominis |
| MeSH | Abdominal+Cavity |
| Dorlands/Elsevier | Abdominal cavity |
The abdominal cavity is one body cavity of the human body (and animal bodies) that holds the bulk of the viscera and which is located below (or inferior to) the thoracic cavity, and above the pelvic cavity. It is a part of the abdominopelvic cavity.
Organs of the abdominal cavity include the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, kidneys, and large intestine.
The abdominal cavity is lined with a protective membrane termed the peritoneum. The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity behind the peritoneum, in the retroperitoneum. The viscera are also covered, in the front, with a layer of peritoneum called the greater omentum (or omental apron).
References
Wingerd, Bruce (1994). The Human Body: Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology. Fort Worth: Saunders College Publishing. pp. 12. ISBN 0-03-055507-8.
. Austin, Texas: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. 2002. pp. 1138. ISBN 0-03-055507-8.
footnotes
- Wingerd, pg 11
- Holt, Rinehart, Winston 2002
See also
- Human abdomen
- Human body cavities
- Coelom
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Abdominal aortic aneurysm
8:04 PM
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A ballooning or widening of the main artery (the aorta) as it courses down through the abdomen. At the point of the aneurysm, the aneurysm usually measures 3 cm or more in diameter. The aneurysm weakens the wall of the aorta and can end in the aorta rupturing with catastrophic consequences. As the diameter of the aorta increases, the chances of an abdominal aortic aneurysm rupturing rise. A measurement of 5 cm is often used to recommend surgery. Persons with AAA tend to be 60 or over. Men are 5 times more likely than women to have an AAA.
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Abdominal Aorta
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The abdominal aorta is the final section of the aorta, the largest artery in the body.
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Abdominal aneurysm
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An aneurysm situated within the abdomen (belly). An aneurysm is a localized widening (dilatation) of an artery, vein, or the heart.
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Abdominal
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Relating to the abdomen, the belly, that part of the body that contains all of the structures between the chest and the pelvis.
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Abdomen
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The belly, that part of the body that contains all of the structures between the chest and the pelvis.
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ABCD rating
11:53 AM
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ABCD rating, also called the Jewett staging system or the Whitmore-Jewett staging system, is a staging system for prostate cancer that uses the letters A, B, C, and D.
- “A” and “B” refer to cancer that is confined to the prostate.
- “C” refers to cancer that has grown out of the prostate but has not spread to lymph nodes or other places in the body.
- “D” refers to cancer that has spread to lymph nodes or to other places in the body.
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Abbreviations Prescription
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A prescription, as is well known, is a physician's order for the preparation and administration of a drug or device for a patient.
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Abatement
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A diminution, decrease or easing. In medicine there may be abatement of pain or any other symptom or sign.
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Abate
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To lessen or decrease. After a boil is lanced, the pus can drain and the pain and tenderness abate. From the French abbatre, to beat down.
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Aase-Smith syndrome
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A syndrome of congenital malformations (birth defects) characterized by hydrocephalus, cleft palate, and severe arthrogryposis (joint contractures). Other anomalies may include deformed ears, ptosis (drooping) of the eyelids, inability to open the mouth fully, heart defects, and clubfoot. The fingers are thin with absent knuckles, reduced creases over the joints and inability to make a full fist.
The syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, transmitted from generation to generation, affecting both males and females. It is named for the American dysmorphologists (birth-defect experts) Jon Aase and David W. Smith.
Symptoms
- Mildly slowed growth
- Pale skin
- Delayed closure of fontanelles (soft spots)
- Narrow shoulders
- Triple jointed thumbs, absent or small knuckles, decreased skin creases at finger joints
- Inability to fully extend the joints from birth (congenital contractures)
- Cleft palate
- Deformed ears
- Droopy eye lids
Signs and tests
- A CBC (complete blood count) will show anemia and a decrease in the white blood cell count.
- An echocardiogram may reveal heart defects (ventricular septal defect is most common).
- X-rays will show skeletal abnormalities as described above.
- A bone marrow biopsy may be performed.
Treatment
Frequent blood transfusions are given in the first year of life to treat anemia. Prednisone may be given, although this should be avoided in infancy because of side effects on growth and brain development. Abone marrow transplant may be necessary if other treatment fails.
Prognosis
Anemia usually resolves over the years.
Complications
- Complications related to anemia include weakness, fatigue, and decreased oxygenation of the blood.
- Decreased white blood cells alter the body's ability to fight infection.
- If a heart defect exists, it may cause multiple complications (depending on the specific defect).
- Severe cases have been associated with still birth or early death.
Prevention
As with most genetic diseases there is no way to prevent the entire disease. With prompt recognition and treatment of infections in childhood, the complications of low white blood cell counts may be limited.
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Aarskog-Scott Syndrome
10:56 PM
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Aarskog-Scott syndrome is an inherited diseasecharacterized by short stature, facial abnormalities, skeletal and genital anomalies.
The Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS) is also known as the Aarskog syndrome, faciodigitogenital syndrome, shawl scrotum syndrome and faciogenital dysplasia.
Genetics
X-linked recessive manner. The sons of female carriers are at 50% risk of being affected with the syndrome. The daughters of female carriers are at 50% risk of being carriers themselves. Females may have mild manifestations of the syndrome. The syndrome is caused by mutation in a gene called FGDY1 in band p11.21 on the X chromosome.
Eponym
The syndrome is named for Dagfinn Aarskog, a Norwegian pediatrician and human geneticist who first described it in 1970,and for Charles I. Scott, Jr., an American medical geneticist who independently described the syndrome in 1971.
Description
The Aarskog-Scott syndrome is a disorder with short stature, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, anteverted nostrils, joint laxity, shawl scrotum, and mental retardation. The physical phenotype varies with age and postpuberal males may have only minor remnant manifestations of the prepuberal phenotype.
Frequent features
- Growth
- mild to moderate short stature evident by 1–3 years of age
- delayed adolescent growth spurt
- Performance
- slight (dull normal) to moderate mental deficiency
- hyperactivity and attention deficit
- social performance usually good
- Face
- rounded face
- widow's peak hairline
- wide-set eyes (hypertelorism)
- droopy eyelids (blepharoptosis)
- downslanting eye slits (palpebral fissures)
- small nose with nostrils tipped forward (anteverted)
- underdeveloped mid-portion of the face (maxilla)
- wide groove above the upper lip (broad philtrum)
- crease below the lower lip
- delayed eruption of teeth
- top portion (upper helix) of the ear folded over slightly
- Hands and feet
- small, broad hands and feet
- short fingers and toes (brachydactyly)
- in-curving of the 5th finger (clinodactyly)
- mild interdigital webbing, between fingers as well as toes
- single transverse "simian crease" in palm
- broad thumbs and big toes
- Neck
- short neck
- webbing of sides of the neck
- Chest
- mild pectus excavatum (sunken chest)
- Abdomen
- protruding navel
- inguinal hernias
- Genitalia
- Shawl Scrotum
- undescended testicles
Diagnosis
Genetic testing may be available for mutations in the FGDY1 gene. Genetic counseling is indicated for individuals or families who may carry this condition, as there are overlapping features with Fetal alcohol syndrome.
Treatment
Surgery may be required to correct some of the anomalies, and orthodontic treatment may be used to correct some of the facial abnormalities. Trials of growth hormone have not been effective to treat short stature in this disorder.
Prognosis
Mild degrees of mental slowness may be present, but affected children usually have good social skills. Some males may exhibit reduced fertility.
Complications
Some recent findings have included cystic changes in the brain and generalized seizures[citation needed] . There may be difficulty growing in the first year of life in up to one-third of cases. Misaligned teeth may require orthodontic correction. An undescended testicle will require surgery.
Correspondence to:
Dr V Cormier-Daire, Departement de Genetique Medicale, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sevres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France;
Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency (MIM 103050, ADSL) is a rare autosomal recessive disease causing severe mental retardation and/or autistic features.1,2 Seizures are often observed (80%),3 varying in age of onset (from newborn to late childhood) and nature (tonic-clonic, “suppression burst” pattern, West syndrome, etc), and are very often resistant to all medication. Around 50% of the children show autistic-like behaviour.4 Microcephaly is rare (1/13 of reported cases). Non-specific anomalies of the brain, such as hypoplasia of the vermis, cerebral atrophy,5 lack of myelination,6 white matter anomalies,7 and lissencephaly4 have often been described.
Other Complications: • Low self-esteem • Social difficulties related to physical problems • Male infertility in those with both testes undescended • Problems with the structure of the heart • Accumulation of fluid in tissues of body (lymphedema, cystic hygroma) • Failure to thrive in infants.
Molecular biology
The Aarskog-Scott syndrome is due to mutation in the FGD1 gene. FGD1 encodes a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that specifically activates Cdc42, a member of the Rho (Ras homology) family of the p21 GTPases. By activating Cdc42, FGD1 protein stimulates fibroblasts to form filopodia, cytoskeletal elements involved in cellular signaling, adhesion, and migration. Through Cdc42, FGD1 protein also activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling cascade, a pathway that regulates cell growth, apoptosis, and cellular differentiation.
Within the developing mouse skeleton, FGD1 protein is expressed in precartilaginous mesenchymal condensations, the perichondrium and periosteum, proliferating chondrocytes, and osteoblasts. These results suggest that FGD1 signaling may play a role in the biology of several different skeletal cell types including mesenchymal prechondrocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts. The characterization of the spatiotemporal pattern of FGD1 expression in mouse embryos has provided important clues to the understanding of the pathogenesis of Aarskog-Scott syndrome.
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American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
10:47 PM
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The professional organization of American orthopaedists. Literally, the practice of child straightening, orthopaedics is the branch of surgery that is broadly concerned with the skeletal system (bones).
Background
Founded in 1933, the Academy is the preeminent provider of musculoskeletal education to orthopaedic surgeons and others in the world. Its continuing medical education activities include a world-renowned Annual Meeting, multiple CME courses held around the country and at the Orthopaedic Learning Center, and various medical and scientific publications and electronic media materials. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons provides education and practice management services for orthopaedic surgeons and allied health professionals. The Academy also serves as an advocate for improved patient care and informs the public about the science of orthopaedics. Founded at Northwestern University as a not-for-profit organization in 1933, the Academy has grown from a small organization serving less than 500 members to the world's largest medical association of musculoskeletal specialists. The Academy now serves more than 31,000 members internationally.
Members of the Academy, called fellows, are orthopaedists concerned with the diagnosis, care, and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. The orthopaedist's scope of practice includes disorders of the body's bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, and tendons. Fellows have completed four years of medical school and at least five years of an approved "residency" in orthopaedics. In addition, they must pass a comprehensive oral and written examination, be certified by the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery, and submit to stringent membership review processes prior to admittance to the Academy.
Mission
AAOS will serve the profession, champion the interests of patients, and advance the highest quality musculoskeletal health.
This mission defines AAOS’s fundamental reason for being, and establishes the parameters for its major activities and the defensible criteria against which all goals are established.
The American Association of Orthopaedic Surgeons
Founded by the Academy Board of Directors in 1997, the Association engages in health policy and advocacy activities on behalf of musculoskeletal patients and the profession of orthopaedic surgery.
"Orthopaedics"
Since orthopaedics' beginnings, its specialists have treated children suffering from spine and limb deformities. The Greek roots of the word "orthopaedics" are ortho (straight) and pais (child). Early orthopaedists often used braces or other forms of treatment to make the child "straight." A traditional symbol of orthopaedics is the bent tree that has been braced to make it grow straight.
The Academy publishes the Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.
Annual Meeting
The annual Academy meeting is the largest medical meeting in the nation with attendance of nearly 30,000.
The annual meeting was held February 25-28, 2009 at the Venetian Sands Expo Center in Las Vegas, Nevada. Next year's meeting is scheduled for March 10-13 in New Orleans, Louisiana.
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Ass Am Medical Colleges
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Assam Medical College was formally established on November 3, 1947 at Dibrugarh. It was, however, earlier known as Dr. John Berry White Medical School, which was established in 1902. It has the distinction of being the first medical college in the entire North-eastern region ofIndia. Following the establishment of 2 other medical colleges in Assam, one at Guwahati and another at Silchar, it now serves as the tertiary medical referral centre for the entire upper Assam as well as the some areas of neighbouring states, especially Arunachal Pradesh.
The college is situated at one corner of Dibrugarh and set in the midst of flowing green fields of several Tea Estates. Some buildings are modifications of the original British architecture, although several new constructions have come up recently under the joint collaboration of both the North Eastern Council and State Government to upgrade the college to a premier medical institution of Asia once again. The main charm that draws almost 150 undergraduate and 50 postgraduate students to this college every year is the campus life it has to offer. 14 hostels for the students ensure that everyone, excluding a minority of day-boarders, stay together within the lavish campus area; consequently everybody knows everybody, if only by face. The campus also contains staff quarters, meaning professors and students are always in close contact. The college boasts for some of the best teachers of the respective fields. The college is also proud to have some great principals from time to time of which one has also won the Padmashree award.Right now the college is in full gear for its preparations for the upcoming Diamond jublee celebrations to be celebrated in November 2007.
In addition to the medical courses, also available are paramedical courses, viz. Nursing and Midwiferyand Diploma in Pharmacy.
In a recent nation wide survey, the Assam Medical College and Hospital was ranked amongst the top 10 medical college in the country.
The American Association of Medical Colleges, a nonprofit association of the 125 accredited U.S. medical schools; the 16 accredited Canadian medical schools; more than 400 major teaching hospitals and health systems; some 90 academic and professional societies representing 75,000 faculty members; and the nation's medical students and residents.
The purpose of the AAMC is to improve health through the advancement of academic medicine. In pursuing this purpose, the AAMC works "to strengthen the quality of medical education and training, to enhance the search for biomedical knowledge, to advance research in health services, and to integrate education into the provisions of effective health care."
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American Academy of Family Physicians
10:38 PM
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Originally, most physicians in the U.S. (and elsewhere) were family doctors. Then there was a strong move away from family medicine toward the medical specialties in the U.S. The pendulum now has swung back to a more equitable balance between family practice and the medical (and surgical) specialties. The AAFP is a professional society for American family doctors.
The AAFP states that: "The American Academy of Family Physicians is the national association of family doctors. It is one of the largest national medical organizations, with more than 85,000 members in 50 states, D.C., Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Guam. Until October 3, 1971, it was known as the American Academy of General Practice. The name was changed in order to reflect more accurately the changing nature of primary health care.
"The Academy was founded in 1947 to promote and maintain high quality standards for family doctors who are providing continuing comprehensive health care to the public. Other major purposes of the Academy include:
- To provide responsible advocacy for and education of patients and the public in all health-related matters;
- To preserve and promote quality cost-effective health care;
- To promote the science and art of family medicine and to ensure an optimal supply of well-trained family physicians;
- To promote and maintain high standards among physicians who practice family medicine;
- To preserve the right of family physicians to engage in medical and surgical procedures for which they are qualified by training and experience;
- To provide advocacy, representation and leadership for the specialty of family practice;
- To maintain and provide an organization with high standards to fulfill the above purposes and to represent the needs of its members.
The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) was founded in 1947 to promote the science and art of family medicine. It is one of the largest medical organizations in the United States, with more than 94,000 members. The Academy was instrumental in establishing family medicine as a recognized medical specialty; a certifying board was approved by the American Board of Medical Specialties in 1969. The Academy's headquarters is in Leawood, Kansas.
The mission of the AAFP is to improve the health of patients, families, and communities by serving the needs of its members with professionalism and creativity.
"The Academy was instrumental in the establishment of family practice, a derivative of classical general practice, as medicine's twentieth primary specialty. The AMA's Council on Medical Education and the independent American Board of Medical Specialties granted approval to a certifying board in family practice, the basic structural requisite of a medical specialty, on February 8, 1969. Examinations have been given annually since 1970, and recertification examinations annually since 1976.
"The Academy maintains a national headquarters in Kansas City, Missouri. It publishes a clinical journal for physicians in primary care entitled American Family Physician, with a circulation of 156,000; a monthly all-member news and features publication entitled FP Report and a publication on practice management and socioeconomic issues entitled Family Practice Management."
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Adenine
10:33 PM
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In genetics, A stands for adenine, one member of the A-T (adenine-thymine) base pair in DNA. The other base pair in DNA is G-C (guanine-cytosine).
Each base pair forms a "rung of the DNA ladder." A DNA nucleotide is made of a molecule of sugar, a molecule of phosphoric acid, and a molecule called a base. The bases are the "letters" that spell out the genetic code. In DNA, the code letters are A, T, G, and C, which stand for the chemicals adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, respectively. In DNA base pairing, adenine always pairs with thymine, and guanine always pairs with cytosine.
Structure
Adenine forms several tautomers, compounds that can be rapidly interconverted and are often considered equivalent.
Biosynthesis
Purine metabolism involves the formation of adenine andguanine. Both adenine and guanine are derived from the nucleotide inosine monophosphate (IMP), which is synthesised on a pre-existing ribosome through a complex pathway using atoms from the amino acids glycine,glutamine, and aspartic acid, as well as fused with the enzyme tetrahydrofolate.
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, (yeast), the adenine pathwayconverts P-ribosyl-PP into adenine through a seven step process.
Function
Adenine is one of the two purine nucleobases (the other being guanine) used in forming nucleotides of the nucleic acids. In DNA, adenine binds to thymine via two hydrogen bonds to assist in stabilizing the nucleic acid structures. In RNA, which is used for protein synthesis, adenine binds touracil.
Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached toribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose. It forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions.
History
In older literature, adenine was sometimes called Vitamin B4. It is no longer considered a true vitamin or part of the Vitamin B complex. However, two B vitamins, niacin and riboflavin, bind with adenine to form the essential cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD), respectively. Hermann Emil Fischer was one of the early scientists to study adenine.
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